Y%S ,xld md¾,sfïka;=fõ 20 jk l;dkdhljrhd f,i foaYnkaOq lre chiQßh uy;d wo ^01& Èjqreï ÿkakd' 

.ïmy Èia;%slalfhka ydmsá.u fldar<fha óß.u m%foaYfha lS¾;su;a jHdmdßl mrmqrla ksfhdackh lrk mjq,l jeäu,d f,i lrE chiQßh Wm; ,eîh'

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh óß.u l|ka.uqj uyd úoHd,fhka ,nd fld<U wdkkaohg meñKs fyf;u wdkkao úÿyf,ka oaú;Sl wOHdmkh id¾:lj ksu lf<ah' uyd n%s;dkHfha jr,;a kdúl ksfhdað; wdh;kfha ^A'I'C'S'& jeäÿr wOHdmkh ,enq ta uy;d  bka wk;=rej ,kavkfha fnda,aála tlaiafÉkaÊ wdh;kfhka fj<| o%jH wf<úlrKh ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a wOHdmkh ,eîh' m%xYfha msysá hqfrdamd jdKsc úoHd,fhka yd bkaishdâ wdh;kfhka^INSEAD& Wiia mßmd,k wOHdmkh id¾:lj yeoErE  lre chiQßh uy;d NdKav m%jdykh yd .ukd.ukh ms<sn| jr,;a wdh;kfha iïudk idudðl;ajh yd jr,;a jD;a;Sh l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdh;kfha o iïudk idudðl;ajhg ysñlï lshhs'

wêldß,;a ks,Odßfhl= f,i 1965 § Y%s ,xld hqO yuqodjg tlafjk fyf;u 1972 olajd yuqod fiajfha ksr;úh'1972 jif¾ fmnrjd‍ß ui 04 jk Èk ffjoHjßhl jQ jika;d .=Kfialr ´úá., fukúh iuÛ újdy Èúhg we;=<;a úh'   yuqod fiajfhka iuq.;a miq jHdmdßl ‍lafIa;%hg msúis Tyq w;solaI l<uKdlrefjl= f,i flá l,lska foia úfoia m;, lS¾;shla w;am;a lr.ekSug iu;aúh'

Èfkka Èk ish úYsIag l<ukdlrK ksmqK;djh m%lg l< lre chiQßh uy;d 80 oYlh ksud jk úg f,dj m%uqL fmf<a jHdmdßl iud.ï 52l l<uKdlrk wOHlaI" iNdm;s" m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odß wdÈ k;;=re ord ;sìKs' ì|jefgñka meje;s iuyr jHdmdr wdh;k flá l,lska h<s kÛd isgqùug Tyqg yelsjkafka yeu úgu lKavdhula f,i jevlsÍfï ixl,amfha Wmßu M, fk,d.ksñks'  

fï w;r tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha ysgmq iNdm;sjrfhl= jQ foaYudkH tka'mS'mS'mKaä;r;akhkaf.a lKavdhfï miqfm< idudðlfhl= f,i lre chiQßh uy;d ;reK úfha§u tlai;a cd;sl mlaI foaYmd,khg w;afmd;a ;eîh' 1977 fmr<sfhka miq fõ.fhka mK.id wjêjk oejeka; wd¾:slh l<uKdlrKh lsÍfï jeo.;a wdh;khla jQ"  mqoa.,sl lrKh lsÍfï ckdêm;s fldñIka iNdfõ idudðlfhl= f,i  l<uKdlrk {dkfhka msßmqka lre chiQßh uy;dj chj¾Ok rch úiska m;alrk ,È'

chj¾Ok oelau jQfha" mej;s ixjD;a; wd¾:sl m%;sm;a;sh fjkqjg rdcH iy fm!oa.,sl wxY taldnoaO lrñka wd¾:slfha fodrgq mq¿,a f,i f,dalhg újD; lsÍuh' tu m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùfï flakao%Sh wdhk;h jQ  uy fld<U wd¾:sl fldñiu ish m%:u w;ayod ne,Su lrñka ,xld iïNdKav ixhqla; uKav,h iy fldßhdfõ n,j;a iud.ï folla iïnkaO lr werô" fldßhd ‍isf,daka *QÜfjhd¾ iud.u fojk jif¾u wid¾:l fjoaÈ kj iNdm;sjrhd f,i forfgysu tlÛ;djfhka mßmd,kh Ndr flrefKa lre chiQßh uy;dgh' tjlg re'2'50lg mej;s fldgila re'280 olajd by< kxjñka flá l,la ;=< tu wdh;kh cd;Hka;r mdjyka ksIamdok iud.ï w;r fhdaOfhl= f,i keÛS isáfha tu jljdkqfõ§h' 

Y%s ,xldfõ ksoyia fj<| l,dm ixl,amfha uQ, îc cks; jk fuu wjia:dfõ chj¾Ok rcfha fuu wd¾:sl m%fndaOh foi l,dmfha m%Odk rgj, fofk;a fhduqúh' tjl uef,aishdkq w.ue;s uy;S¾ fudfyduâ uy;d o" Ök ckdêm;s fvkaIshdfjda fmka.af.a ksfhdað; msßilao Èjhskg meñfKkafka fuu kj wd¾:sl m%fõYh ms<sn| f;dr;=re wOHhkhghs' miqld,Skj uyck Ökfha Èh;a jQ oejeka; wd¾:sl úma,jh tod f–'wd¾'chj¾Okhkaf.a wd¾:sl fudv,h .=re fldg.;a nj okafka lsysmfofkla muKs'

1989 § ckdêm;s OQrhg m;ajk rKisxy fma%uodi uy;d lre chiQßh uy;d iuÛ fnfyúka fm!oa.,slj ys;j;a úh' 

lre chiQßh uy;d cd;sl fj<| uka;%K iNdfõ iNdm;s moúhg m;ajQ w;r jir 9la tu OQrh fynùh' uilg lsysm jrlau fma%uodi ckdêm;sjrhd iy lre chiQßh uy;d yuqùh' wmkhk ixj¾Okh i|yd fjku wud;HdxYhla we;slrk f,io fma%uodi ckdêm;sjrhdf.ka b,a,d isá w;r th fjku wud;HdxY úIhla njg m;afjñka kj wud;Hjrfhl= hg;g m;a lrk ,oafoa fuu idlÉPdj, m%;sM,hla f,ih' lre chiQßh uy;d wmkhk ixj¾Okh i|yd we;s l< EXPO ys iNdm;s OQrhg o m;aúh' Tyqf.a jHdmdr l<ukdlrK yelshdj wdishdkq l,dmh mqrd m%p,s; jQfhka id¾la l,dmSh fj<| uKav, iNdm;sOQrhg o m;aúh' 

fiajl uKav,hgo m%;s,dN ysñjk f,i hqkhsgâ fudag¾ia wdh;kh fm!oa.,SlrKh lsÍu id¾:lj ksu lsÍug lre chiQßh uy;d iu;ajQ w;r  meh 72la .;ùug m%:u cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,ka oejeka; uQ,H wdOdr m%udKhla ,nd.ekSug o iu;aúh'  l%u l%ufhka h<s rfÜ wd¾:slh fmrg wefooa§ Y%s ,xldfõ wmkhkh Èß.ekaùu i|yd f,djmqrd .eKqïlrejkaf.a wjOdkh Èkd.ekSug iu;a fj<| m%o¾Ykhla meje;aùu flfrys rcfha wjOdkh fhduqúh' wmkhk m%j¾Okh wruqKq lrf.k fldßhdkq ckrch úiska tu jljdkqfõ§ úfoaY .ekqïlrejka oyila iyNd.sjQ wka;¾cd;sl fj<| m%o¾Ykhla mj;ajd ;snqKs'  

wk;=rej fma%uodi ckdêm;sjrhd fhdackd lf<a c¾uksfha Y%s ,xld ;dkdm;s OQrh Ndr.kakd f,ih' ta iuÛu lre chiQßh uy;dj iaúiag¾,ka;fha yd Tiag%shdfõo iu ;dkdm;s OQrhg o m;aflßKs' t;=ud tu j.lSu Ndr.;af;a ks, ld,fhka wvla muKla fiajh lsÍug tlÛ fjñks' ish OQr ld,fhka wvla ksu fjoa§ iajleue;af;kau ;dkdm;s OQrhg iuqÿka lre chiQßh uy;d kej; Èjhskg meñKsfha 1994 jif¾§  tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh wNsfhda.d;aul lv bulg meñK isáh§h'

tla wiqklska md¾,sfïka;=fõ n,h wysñj isá tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh f.dv.eksu i|yd rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d wÆ;a uqyqKq mlaIhg tlalrñka wm%;sy ffO¾hlska hq;=j lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' ta wkqj mlaIhg wÆ;a uqyqKla f,i lre chiQßh uy;d tla lrñka iïnkaëlrK f,alï OQrhlg m;a lrk ,oafoa j;auka w.%dud;H rks,a úl%uisxy uy;dh' 1995 § ta jk úg mlaI OQrdj,sfha fojk ;k;=rjQ mlaI iNdm;s OQrhg o m;alrkq ,eìKs' 1997 § m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKh t<fUoa§ tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha yoj; jQ fld<U uy k.r iNdj ;rÛ jÈk f,i mlaIfhka bÈßm;a jQ b,a,Su wkqj thg uqyqK ÿka lre chiQßh uy;d w;súYsIag ch.%yKhla ,nñka fld<U k.rdêm;sjrhd njg m;aúh' k.rdêm;s OQrhg m;ajQ jydu lre chiQßh uy;d lf<a ;ud k.rdêm;s ;k;=r i|yd ;rÛ lsÍfï§ fmdaiag¾ we,ùug isÿùu ms<sn|j k.r jeishkaf.ka iudj b,a,d isàuh' ^ wdfjd;a lre) mdhhs ysre hk fmdiagrfhka 97 m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfha§ fld<U k.rh jeiS .sfhah' m%;sjd§yq lref.a jfÜ fydre ) wdfjd;a lre fmfkaú ;re hkqfjka fmdiagrhlao we,jQy'&

tod kej; fmdaiag¾" lgjqÜ" nek¾" lsis Èk Ndú;hg fkd.kakd nj cd;sh yuqfõ fmdfrdkaÿ jQ lre chiQßh uy;d bkamiq ;u foaYmd,k Ôú;fha fï olajdu ta wkqj lghq;= lrñka isá' lsis Èfkl fmdaiag¾" nek¾" lgjqÜ Ndú; lr ke;=jd fukau ;ud úiska ;udg Pkaoh fok f,i lsisÿ /iaùul§ b,a,d ke;' fuh kj foaYmd,k iodpdrhl wdrïNh njo ‍tod fndfyda iudc n,fõ.j, meiiqug ,lajQ w;r miq Cf,l fmdiag¾j,ska f;dr foaYmd,khlg fndfyda foaYmd,{hka fm<Uùug fuh mQ¾jd o¾Yh úh'

“uu fï OQrh Ndr.kafka jirl ld,hlg muKhs' fï k.rh yokak wms tl;=fj,d lKavdhula úÈyg jevlruq' ch.%yKh wms yefudaguhs' mrdch Ndr.kak uu ,Eia;shs"” lre ish lKavdhug lsfõh' ta jk úg l=Kq li,j,ska msrE ;snQ fld<U k.rh Èk 100 la ;=< mú;% lsÍfï jevms<sfj,la werôKs' fm!oa.,sl wxYho Bg odhl lr.kq ,eîh' lre chiQßh uy;df.a b,lalh id¾:l úh' wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j uÛska 1998 § wdishdfõ wdo¾Yu;au k.rh f,i fld<U uy k.r iNdj f;dard.kq ,enqfõ nex.f,darho wNsnjdhdug iu;a jQ ksidh' wdishdfõ fyd|u l<ukdldß;ajh iys; wdh;kh f,io jvd;a ld¾hlaIu k.rdêm;sjrhd f,io lre chiQßh uy;d nqyqukg md;%úh'

1999 jif¾§ fld<U k.rdêm;s OQrhg iuqÿka lre chiqßh uy;d tlai;a cd;sl mlaI kdhl rks,a úl%uisxy uy;df.a uÛ fmkaùu hgf;a niakdysr m<d;a m%Odk wud;H OQrhg ;rÛ jeÈKs' ‍fld<U lÆ;r Èia;%slal tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ch.%yKh l<o .ïmy Èia;%slalfha Pkao fjki fya;=fjka ukdm Pkao fo,laI yegmkaoyila ,enQj kuq;a Pkao 3"000 l wvqj ksid uy weu;s OQrh wysñjQ neúka niakdysr m<df;a úmlaI kdhlhd f,i m;aúh' ngysr fld<U yd kef.kysr fld<U wdik ixúOdhlhd f,i mlaIfha ixúOdk lghq;=j,g odhl jQ w;r 1999 § mlaIfha ks¾foaYh wkqj .ïmy Èia;%sla‍lfhka uyue;sjrKhg ;rÛ lsÍug ;SrKh lf<ah' tu ue;sjrKfhka fo,laI mkia mkaoyi" fo,laI mkaodyi" fo,laI úismkaoyi wdÈ f,i jd¾;d.; ukdm Pkao ixLHdjla ,nd.ekSug iu;aúh' 

2001 tlai;a cd;sl mlaI rcfha§ úÿ,s n, yd n,Yla;s wud;H OQrh Ndr.ekSu lre chiQßh uy;df.a Ôú;fha w;sYh ne?reï j.lSula úh' ljo;a b,lalhg jevlr yqremqreÿ  Tyq Èklg meh 12la 14la úÿ,sh lmk ;ekg Wvqÿjñka ;snQ úÿ,s w¾nQoh úi£ug  Èk 180 l ld,hla b,a,d isáfha th l< fkdyels jqfKd;a wud;H OQrfhka iuq.kakd njg wjodkï m%ldYhlao lrñks' l%ul%ufhka Èk f.ù hoa§ lre chiQßh wud;Hjrhd ldgQka Ys,amSkaf.a ud;Dldjla njg m;aúh' iuyre ‘lrej, chiQßh‘ kñka wkaj¾: kduhlao mgn¢k ,È' úÿ,s n, wud;HdxYfha iy wod< lafIa;%j, ishÆ ks,Odßka le|jd"“rg fjkqfjka úÿ,s w¾nqoh úi|kak lKavdhula f,i jevlruq”" hehs wdrdOkd l< lre chiqßh uy;d Èk 152 § úÿ,s w¾nqoh uq¿uqKskau úi|d,ñka rfÜ i;r È.and.hgu meh 24 mqrd wLKavj úÿ,sh ,nd§u h<s weröh'  

j¾I 2007 jk úg t,a'à'à'B' .%yKfhka kef.kysr m<d; uqod.eKqkq w;r tu m%foaYj, isú,a mßmd,kh h<s ia:dms; lsÍug rdcH mßm,k yd iajfoaY lghq;= wud;Hjrhd f,i lre chiQßh uy;dg mejreKq w;r th Èk 180la ;=< id¾:lj ksu lsÍug yelsúh' 

2014 jif¾ tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh wNHka;rfha we;sjQ u;jd§uh mriamr;d rdYshlg úi÷u f,i uyd ix>r;akfha yd wfkl=;a kdhlhkaf.a b,a,Su mßÈ mlaI   kdhl rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d úiska kdhl;aj uKav,hla m;alsÍug mlaI lD;Hdêldß uKav,fha wkque;sh ,nd.;a w;r tys iNdm;sjrhd f,i lre chiQßh uy;d m;a flreKs'

tod fuod ;=r mlaIh uqyqKq ÿka iEu ue;sjrKhl§u fukau 2015 ckdêm;sjrKfha§o rg mqrdu ixpdrh lrñka ue;sjrK jHdmdrhg m%n, odhl;ajhla ÿka lre chiQßh uy;d ckjdß 08 jk od isÿjq wdKavq fjki wkqj nqoaO Ydik" rdcH mßmd,k" m<d;a md,k" yd m%cd;ka;%Sh md,k wud;H OQrhg m;aúh' 

2015 uy ue;sjrKfha§ .ïmy Èia;%lalhg kdhl;ajh foñka ;rÛ lrk f,i fndfydafokdf.a b,a,Sï bÈßm;a jqjo lre chiQßh uy;df.a wruqK jQfha kj wfmalaIlhkag wjia:dj ,ndfoñka mlaIh ch.%yKh lrd fufyhùug yels Wmßu odhl;ajh ,nd§uh' ta wkqj tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh úiska 2015 uy ue;sjrKhg uqyqK fokafka lre chiQßh uy;df.a ue;sjrK fufyhqï lñgq iNdm;S;ajh hgf;ah' fuys iu iNdm;s f,i u,sla iurúl%u uy;do lghq;= l< w;r tu fom,u tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh úiska iajlSh cd;sl ,ehsia;= uka;%Sjre f,i m;alrkq ,eîh'

^kS;s{ kkao uqre;af;Ügqjf.a ,smshla weiqßks&

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