tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï fldñifï m‍%OdkS fihsoa rdoa w,a yqfiaka Èk y;rla Y‍%S ,xldfõ ixpdrh lf<ah' Tyqf.a meñ”u iïnkaOfhka úúO woyia me;sfrkakg úh' w,a yqfiaka l=ure .ek fukau udkj ysñlï iïnkaOfhka o tla tla mqoa.,hd ;=< we;af;a úúO woyia h'

udkj ysñlï hkq f;dKavqjla ur W.=,la wd§ jYfhka jQ u;jdohla tla;rd w;lska me;sfrkakg úh' udkj ysñlï hkq lsisf,il;a whym;a jQ hula fkdfõ' udkj ysñlï mss<ssn| úYaj m‍%ldYkfha m<uq j.ka;sfha u i|yka jk lreKla jkafka iEu ukqIHhl= u ksoyia j" wNsudkfhka iy whs;sjdislï j,ska iudkj Wm; ,nd we; ^All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights& hkakhs'

wm bÈßfha § idlÉPd lrk mßÈ ukqIH YsIagdpdrfha isÿ jQ m‍%.ukfha b;d m‍%n, wjÈhla f,i fuh oelSug yelsh' ta ula ksido h;a udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m‍%ldYkh ìys ùug fmr iEu ñksfil=u wNsudkh iy whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka iudk fldg ie,lSula isÿ fkdúK'

flfiafj;;a" ,shú,s u; ;sfnk wdldrfhka u udkj ysñlï ms<sn| wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sh C%shd;aul jk njla fmfkkakg ke;' kuq;a" fujeks kS;shla n,d;aul j meje;Su mSä;hdf.a jrm‍%idohls' w;efula i|yka lrkafka udkj ysñlï hkq ngysr f,dalh ;=< ks¾udKh jQjla njhs' tneúka udkj ysñlï f,dalfha iEu ;eklgu iudk f,i fhdod .ekSug fkdyels nj Tjqkaf.a woyihs' fujeks úpdrlhka ksoiqkla f,i Ißhd kS;sh .kS' Ißhd kS;sh iy udkj ysñlï w;r úYd, .egqula mj;S' kuq;a Ißhd kS;sh hkq ixialD;sl mokuls' nqÿ oyu .;fyd;a YdÍßl wvqmdvq lï w;s mqoa.,fhl=g NslaIq;ajhla ,nd .ekSug fkdyelsh' fuh udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh ùula f,i w¾: oelaúh yelsh' tfy;a th C%shd;aul jkafka hï ixialD;sl mokula u;hs' tneúka udkj ysñlï hkq ixialD;sl wêrdcHjdohla f,i o olsk msßila fõ' udkj ysulïj, mj;sk wkd.ñl nj"mqoa., ksoyi wdrlaId lrk nj iy ;d¾lsl;ajh u; mokï ùu ^secular" individualistic and rationalist components of human rights& udkj ysñlïj, ngysr ixialD;sl wdNdih fmkakqï lrkakla f,i y÷kd .; yelsh' we;eï iudchka ls‍%hd;aul jkafka iduQysl mokulsks' ksoiqkla f,i we;eñ wm‍%sldkq iudc .; yelsh' mqoa.,hdf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu iuQyfha meje;aug wNsfhda.hla f,i msßila ols;s'

udkj ysñlï hkq tla;rd iodpdrd;aul uQ,O¾u moaO;shls' ke;fyd;a m‍%;sudk moaO;shls' udkj ysñlï i|yd wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sfha o tla tla cd;Skaf.a foaYSh kS;s moaO;s u.ska o wvq jeä jYfhka ms<s.ekSï ,eî ;sfí' udkj ysñlï lr<shg f.k tau i|yd fojeks f,dal hqoaOh m‍%Odk jYfhka fya;= úh'

b;sydih fj; yeÍ ne¨fjd;a udkjysñlï ìys ùug fmr mqoa.,hkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId jQfha Tjqfkdjqka Ôj;a jQ lKavdhïj,g idfmalaIajh' fuu lKavdhï hkq tlaflda mjq,a úh yelsh' ke;skï ish m‍%cdj" wd.ñl lKavdu" iudc mka;sh wdÈh úh yelsh'udkj ysñlï ìys ùug fmr f,dalfha iEu iudchl u mdfya C%shd;aul jQ Í;shla mj;S' th iaj¾Kuh Í;sh ^Golden Rule& jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí' úúO wd.ï iy weoySï Tiafia úúO iudchka ;=< jHdma; jQ iodpdr ixl,amhla f,i fuh .; yelsh' iaj¾Kuh Í;sfha idrh my; mßÈ fõ'

x hï hym;a fohla lsÍu ;=<ska ;ukag hï m‍%;sM,hla w;a fõo wfkldg tu C%shdfjka iudk m‍%;sM,hla w;a fõ hehs is;d lghq;=lsÍu ^wdydrhla .ekSfuka ;ukaf.a l=i msfrkafka kï wfkldf. o l=i tjeks wdydrhla msfrk nj is;Su'&

x hï whym;a fohla ;ukag fukau wfkldg o iu j n,mdk nj oekSu' ^ WodyrK ysig myrla jeÿfkd;a ;ukag ßfokakdla fuka wfkldg o tf,iu ßfokafka hehs ie,lSu&

fuu ixl,amh iEu wd.ul u mdfya olakg ,efí' tfiau iEu wdpdr Od¾ñl moaO;shl u mdfya o olakg ,efí' iaj¾Kuh Í;sh ms<sn| ixl,amh uq,skau w;S; Bðma;=fõ C%shd;aul jQ njg idOl ;sfí' w;S; Ökfha o w;S; bkaÈhdfõ o iaj¾Kuh Í;sh C%shd;aul ù ;sfí' ;uka wlue;s foh wkqkag fkdlrkak hehs fldka*shqishia oyfï b.ekaùula ths' Ökfha úiQ ;j;a bmerKs od¾Ykslfhl= jQ ,d ´ia;=udKka i|yka fldg we;af;a Tnf.a wi,ajeishdg hula ,efnkafka o th Tnf.a ,eîula f,i i,lkak' Tnf.a wi,ajeishdg hula wysñ jkafka o Tng isÿ jk wysñ ùula f,i i,lkak hehs t;=ud i|yka fldg ;sfí'

uydNdr;h kï bka§h uyd ùr ldjHfha úÿr kï mKaä; wud;Hjrhd ish rcqg Wmfoia fokafka wd;au md,kh" O¾ufhys yeisÍu iy ;uka fukau wfkldg iudk fldg ie,lSfuka hym; Wodjk njhs'

uE; b;sydih foi ne,Sfï § 1215 § muK tx.,ka;h md,kh l< fcdaka rcq úiska wkqu; lrk ,o ue.akd ldg¾ fyj;a uyd iïuq;sh u.ska whs;sjdislï wdrlaIKh ms<sn| woyila ks¾udKh úh' bkamiq 1689 jif¾ § iïu; jQ whs;Ska ms<sn| bx.‍%SiSkaf.a mk;" 1789 § iïu; jQ ñksidf.a iy mqrjeishdf.a whs;Ska ms<sn| m‍%xY m‍%ldYkh iy 1791 jif¾ § iïu; jQ weußldkq whs;Ska ms<sn| mk; j;auka udkj ysñlï ks¾udKh ùu flfrys úfYaI n,mEula we;s lf<ah' kuq;a" fuu wKmk;a i¾j iïmQ¾K udkj ysñlï m‍%ldYkhka fkdjQ w;r ldka;djkaf.a" iqÿ fkdjk cd;Skaf.a fukau we;eï iudc" ixialD;sl lKavdhïj, whs;sjdislï wdrlaId ùula isÿ fkdúK' 19 jeks ishjfia § jy,a fjf<|du w;aysgqùu iy 1919 jif¾ § wka;¾cd;sl lïlre ixúOdkh ks¾udKh lr .ksñka lïlrejkaf.a whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs; lrùu wd§ lreKq Tiafia j¾;udk udkj ysñlï i|yd mdr lemsK' we;eï iq¨;r lKavdhï wdrlaId lr .ekSu iïnkaO woyi udkj ysñlïj,g fmrg meñKsfha m<uq f,dal hqoaOfhka miqjhs'

flfiafj;;a fojeks f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh ìysùu udkj ysñlï iïnkaOfhka b;d jeo.;a yerjqï ,laIhla úh' ysÜ,¾f.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a kdis c¾uksh úiska ñ,shk 6l muK hqfoõjka msßila urd oukq ,enQy' iskaá " frduks jeks l=vd ck lKavdhï úkdY lr oeñK' Bg w;sf¾l f,i iu,sx.slhka iy wdndê; mqoa.,hka ,laI .Kkska >d;kh flfrkq nj olakg ,eìK' fuu >d;k iïnkaOfhka fojeks f,dal hqoaOfhka miq f,dal m‍%cdj ;=< úYd, lïmdjla we;s úh' tkhska" ;jÿrg;a fujeks isÿ ùï bÈßfha § we;s fkdùug bv fkd;eìh hq;= nj f,dal m‍%cdjf.a woyi úh' wm fmr lS wdldrfha iuQ, >d;kh ukqIH;ajhg tfrys wmrdO^crimes against humanity& jYfhka i,lkq ,eìK' th wÆ;a fhÿula úh' fuys wjidk w¾:h jYfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úúO rdcHhka .Kkdjlaf.a odhl;ajh we;s j ks¾udKh jQ w;r 1941 jif¾ § weußldkq ckdêm;s rEfifj,aÜ uy;d fldx.‍%ih wu;ñka ish jd¾Isl foaYkfha § mejiqfõ f,dalh w¨;ska ksoyfia m‍%ldr 04la y÷kd.;a njhs' tajd kï l:kfha ksoyi" wd.ï weoySfï ksoyi" hym;a Ôú;hla f.ùfï ksoyi iy nfhka ksoyia j isàfï ksoyihs'

fukhska" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ish¨u idudðlhka udkjysñlï flfrys f.!rj lsÍug tl. jQ w;r tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï fldñiu ta fjkqfjka m;a lr .eKsk' uQ,sl whs;Ska ms<sn| ffk;sl moku ks¾udKh lsÍu fuu fldñiug mejßK' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a idudðlhka 56 fofkl= úiska udkjysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m‍%ldYkh 1948 jif¾ foieïn¾ ui 10 jeks Èk iïu; lr .eKsk' fuu udkj ysñlï ukqIH;ajhla ,enQ lsisfjl=f.ka bj;a lsÍug fkdyelssh' ´kEu ukqIHfhl=g Tyq fyda weh ukqIHfhl= ùu ksid wkq,a,x>kSh f,i fuu whs;sjdislï ,efí' udkj ysñlï úYaùh jk w;r tajd ishÆ ;kays j,x.= fõ'

wm fmr § o idlÉPqd l< mßÈ udkj ysñlïj, we;s úYaùh nj ms<sn| jdo újdo mj;S' YIS ;rE¾ jeks úpdrlfhl= i|yka lrkafka we;eï iudchkays whs;sjdislï fjkqjg hq;=lï m‍%j¾Okh flfrk njhs'fldka*shqishia iy ffjÈl oyï wdÈfhka fmdaIKh jQ iudcj, hq;=lï flfrys m‍%uqL;ajh fokq ,efí' whs;sjdislï ixl,amh ngysrg m‍%uqL jqj o kef.kysrg m‍%uqL jkafka hq;=lï nj Tyqf.a woyihs' ngysr fkdjk we;eï iudcj, újdyh hkq yqfola mqoa.,hka fofokl= w;r muKla isÿ jk nkaOkhla jYfhka i,lkq fkd,efí' th mjq,a iy lKavdhï folla w;r we;s jk nkaOkhls' fuys§ mqoa., whs;Ska iy m‍%uqL;ajh §u ixialD;sl mokug t,a, lrk myrla f,i hï úpdrlfhda ols;s'

fukhska udkj ysñlï iïnkaOfhka f,dalfha úúO mqoa.,hka w;r úúO u;jdo mj;S' fuu u;jdo >Ügkh o myiqfjka wjika jkakla fkdjkq we;' flfia fj;;a" wmf.a ye.Su jkafka udkj ysñlï hkq lsisfjgl;a jrola fkdjk njhs' ish¨ udkj ysñlï ìys j we;af;a iykqNQ;sh;a wkqlïmdj;a mdol lr .ksñks'

o¾Yk wfYdal l=udr

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