udkj rEm w;r lKa‌vdhï jYfhka ola‌jd ;sfnk is;=jï o yuqfõ'

fm%DV b;sydihlg Wreulï lshk ,xld b;sydifhys úYsIag;ajh úoyd ola‌jk hq.hla‌ f,iska m%d.a ft;sydisl fyj;a m%d.a fn!oaO hq.h fmkajdÈh yelsh' uyskaod.ukhg fmr isgu wmf.a uq;=ka ñ;a;ka i;=j mej;s ixia‌lD;shg kj Ôjhla‌ ,enqfKa uyskaod.ukh;a iu. nj mejish yelsh' m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha mej;s tla‌ ixia‌lD;sl wx.hla‌ f,iska ,Ñ;% l,dj, jeo.;ah' tfia kï ,xldfõ m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha Ñ;% l,dfjys ia‌jrEmh ms<sn| úuid ne,Sula‌ fuys§ isÿfõ'
m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ñ;% ms<sn| úuid ne,Sfï § ,m%d:ñl" .=yd" ffY," jeÈ fukau f,ka Ñ;%" hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka o fuu hq.fha Ñ;%u h' m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha Ñ;% flfrys b;sydi{ fukau mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a wjOdkh fhduqùu o b;d jeo.;ah' úfYaIfhkau ,xldjg meñKs hqfrdamSh cd;Ska fukau mßmd,k ks,OdÍka fuu Ñ;% ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla‌ ola‌jd ;sfí' tu W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla‌ f,iska fuu msßi fujeks f,ka Ñ;% iys; ia‌:dkhka ;sia‌;=kla‌ fidhd.ekSug iu;aj ;sfí' fujeks ia‌:dk úYd, m%udKhla‌ fidhd.ekSu ;=<ska meyeÈ<s jkqfha m%d.a ft;shdisl udkjhska ;u úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ksñka fuu ld¾hfhys ksr; jQ njls" fkdtfia kï fufia .=yd ;=< Ñ;% we£fï ld¾hfhys ksr;ùug fudjqkag fjk;a fya;=jla‌ ;sfnkakg we;'

th tfia jqjo m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhka iy jeoaoka kï jQ ck fldÜ‌Gdih ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq l< mqoa.,hka w;r fi,sla‌udka fifydhqrka m%Odk ia‌:dkhla‌ ysñlr .kS' fujqka úiska fidhd.kakd ,o ft;sydisl Ñ;% fndfyduhla‌ u jeÈ ck;dj úiska w¢k ,o tajd njg yuqj ;sfnk idOlj,ska meyeÈ<s fõ' WodyrKhla‌ f,i jeÈ ldka;djla‌ m%ldY lrk ,o m%ldYh jeo.;ah' tu ldka;dj m%ldY lrk wkaoug wïmdr Èia‌;%sla‌lfha msys,sf.dv .,af.a Ñ;% Tjqka ;u ysñhka ovhug f.dia‌ wdmiq tk;=re n,d isák w;r;=r w¢k ,o tajd njhs' tfiakï ;u ieñhd ovhug f.dia‌ tk;=re úfõlSj isg jeÈ ldka;djka ;u md¿j" ;kslu ke;slr .ekSug fuu ld¾hfhys fhfokakg we;' ;udf.a is;g kef.k is;sú,s .,a m;=rla‌ ;=< is;=jï lrkakg ;rï Tjqkaf.a Ôú; ir, tajd jkakg we;s nj is;sh yelsh'

tfiau ,fcdaka ia‌à,a, uy;dg jeoaoka m%ldY lr ;sfnkqfha ;ka;sßuf,a .=yd Ñ;% Tjqkaf.a uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a ks¾udK jk njhs' tfia w;S; mrïmrdfjys is;=jï wdrla‍Id lrkakg muKla‌ fkdj ta ms<sn| wNsudkfhka miqùug;a miqld,Sk jeÈ ck;dj leue;a;la‌ ola‌jk ,o nj fuu wjia‌:dfjka meyeÈ,s fõ'

fufia ft;sydisl Ñ;% ms<sn| úuiSfï § tajd fidhd.ekSfï f.!rjh tÉ' iS' mS' fn,a uy;dg ysñfõ' ta wkqj 1897 j¾Ifha § W;=re ueo m<df;a wrxf.dv., yd fldk;af;af.dv., hk ia‌:dkhkays Ñ;% fidhdf.k ;sfí' tfia fidhd.;a is;=jï ms<sn| jd¾;d lsÍu fukau m¾fhaIK lghq;= isÿlsÍu fn,a uy;df.ka isÿùu úfYaIs; lreKls' úisjk ishji uq,a Nd.fha § o fuu f,ka Ñ;% fidhd .ekSug iu;a jQ mqoa.,hka w;r" fi,sla‌udka fidfydhqrka jeo.;ah' 1908 ) 1910 hk jirj, § fuu fofokd úiska .=yd Ñ;% fidhd .ekSug iu;aúh' fuhska miqj m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha Ñ;% fidhd.ekSug Wkkaÿjla‌ we;sjkqfha 1911 iy 1914 j¾Ij, §h' tfy;a lsishï fya;=jla‌ ksidfjka f,ka Ñ;% fidhd.ekSfï ld¾h miqneulg ,la‌j we;s w;r" m¾fhaIlhka ta ms<sn|j kej; Wkkaÿjla‌ ola‌jkqfha 1950 jif¾ §h' tys m%;sM,hla‌ f,iska 1950 j¾Ifha § mS' B' mS' oerKsh., uy;d ish ld¾h wdrïN lrk ,§'

50 oYlfhka miqj ,xldfõ kj ckmo ìysjkq ola‌kg ,efnk w;r" tys m%;sM,hla‌ f,iska ñksiqka mÈxÑ lsÍug t<slrk m%foaY wdY%s;j o fuu ffY,.; Ñ;% fidhd.ekSug oerKsh., uy;d iu;a úh' tfia fidhd.kakd ,o ia‌:dkhka w;r ,l÷refmdl=K, jeo.;ah' ;jÿrg;a fuu Ñ;% fidhd.ekSu ms<sn| úuiSfï § 1988 jif¾ ia‌:dk 41 y÷kd.;a nj i|ykah' mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla‌ f,iska 1991 j¾Ifha § fodrjla‌lkao ia‌:dkh fidhdf.k ;sfí' fï wdldrhg m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ñ;% meje;s ia‌:dkhka fndfyduhla‌ wdrla‍Id lr.ekSug m¾fhaIlhka iu;a úh'

m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ñ;% ms<sn| ú.%y lr ne,Sfï § fuu Ñ;% ms<sn| úoaj;=ka ola‌jkq ,nk ld,ks¾Kh o jeo.;ah' ft;sydisl Ñ;% w¢k ,o ld,h ;SrKh lrñka fufia is;=jï ms<sn|j ld,ks¾Khla‌ bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' mS' B' mS' oerKsh., uy;dg wkqj m%d.a ft;sydisl hq. ;=klg fnod is;=jï ms<sn| ú.%y lr ;sfí'

ta wkqj fuu hq. ;=k fufiah^)

01' mQ¾j Ys,d hq.h

02' uOH Ys,d hq.h

03' wmr Ys,d hq.h

tfiau ã' î' kkaofoaj uy;d o m%d.a ft;sydisl Ñ;% ms<sn| ld, ks¾Khla‌ lr ;sfí' Tyq ola‌jk wdldrhg tu ld,ks¾Kh my; i|yka'

01' m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h ) fuu hq.h f,i i,lkq ,nkqfha wÈka jir 2800 isg 2600 g tyd hq.h hs' fuu m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.hg WodyrKhka f,i fodrjl" fud,f.dv iy keõ., hk ia‌:dkhka ola‌jd ;sfí'

02' uQ, ft;sydisl hq.h ) uQ, ft;sydisl hq.h f,i i,lkq ,nkqfha wÈka jir 2600 iy 2300 g tyd ld,hhs' W!rdlkao" moú fukau .ïm< hk ia‌:dkhkaj,ska yuqjQ Ñ;% fuu hq.hg wh;a fõ'

03' mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h ) wÈka jir 2000 g tyd hq.h mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h f,i i,lkq ,nhs' ÈUq,d., iy nqÿ., hk ia‌:dkhka fuu hq.hg wh;a fõ'

b;sydi{hka .=yd Ñ;% fujeks ld,ks¾Khlg ,la‌l< w;r" tfia ld,ks¾Kh lsÍfï § .egÆ u;=fõ' tfia we;sjk tla‌ .egÆjla‌ f,iska jeÈ ck;dj wog;a m%d:ñl ck j¾.hla‌ f,ig u Ôj;aùuhs' fuu .egÆj ksid Ñ;% ld,ks¾Kh lsÍfï§ m%Yak /ilg u uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' j¾;udkfha jeÈ ck;dj w¢k ,o Ñ;% m%d.a ft;sydisl Ñ;%j, ia‌jrEmh u oeÍu ksidfjka fuu .egÆj we;sfõ' j¾;udk Ñ;% jqj;a tu Ñ;% kQ;k hq.hg wh;a tajd f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh' fï fya;=fjka f.dakf.d,a," ñ,a,Ej iy wdçhd., hk ia‌:dkj, is;=jï m%d.a ft;sydisl Ñ;% f,i i,lkq ,nhs'

m%d.a ft;sydisl Ñ;% ms<sn|j úuid n,k l,ays tl, ck;dj ;u ks¾udKhka isÿlsÍu i|yd fhdod.;a ffY,sh yd ;dla‍IKsl l%u ms<sn|j úuid ne,Su jeo.;ah' fuu is;=jï w;r úYd, mßudKfha Ñ;% ola‌kg ,efí' fuu Ñ;% meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.; yels wdldrfhka ksrEmKh lr ;sîu úfYaI;ajhls' tfiau l=vd m%udKfha i;=ka is;=jï lr ;sfnk w;r" tu i;aj rEm w;r uqjka" f.dakqka" ;,f.dhska" iy m;a;Ehska f.a hEhs y÷kd.; yels is;=jï ola‌kg ,efí' i;aj rEm w;r we;a rEm b;d meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.; yelsh' tl, jdih l< ck;dj ;udg ks;r olskakg ,enqKq i;ajhkaf.a rEm fufia is;=jug kÛkakg we;s nj is;sh yelsh' ñksia‌ rEm meyeÈ,sj we| ;sfnk w;r fndfyduhla‌ Ñ;% úkdY ù ;sfnkq ola‌kg ,efí' fuu is;=jï j,ska jeäjYfhka fYaIj ;sfnkqfha nodufha w¢k ,o tajd fkdj iDcqj u .,a l,dfõ w¢k ,o tajdh' nodufha w¢k ,o Ñ;% y÷kd.; fkdyels f,i úkdYhg ,la‌j ;sfí' j¾Idj jeks ia‌jdNdúl fya;=ka fï i|yd n,mdkakg we;'

m%d.a ft;sydisl Ñ;% j¾K .ekaùfï § wkq.ukh lrk ,o l%ufõoh o y÷kd .ekSu WÑ;h' j¾K fh§fï § ;ks iy nyq j¾K fhdodf.k ;sfnk w;r" j¾K udOH f,i fhdodf.k ;sfnkqfha ;Ska; f,i ilia‌ lr.;a w¿" ueá iy wÛqre hkdÈh hs' fufia ia‌jdNdúl o%jH Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka j¾K ilid .ekSula‌ isÿj ;sfí' j¾K .e,aùu i|yd Ñ;%h w¢k ,o mqoa.,hdf.a weÛs,s Ndú; lsÍu iqúfYaIS lreKls' is;=jï j¾K .ekaùfï § iqÿ" w¿" ,d ÿUqre" ;o r;=" ,d ;eô,s hk j¾Khka fhdodf.k ;sfí' fuu j¾K ilia‌ lr.ekSu i|yd .ia‌j, fld<" u,a hkdÈh Ndú; lrkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh' tfy;a j¾;udkfha § fuu j¾K y÷kd.; fkdyels ;rug ÿ¾j¾K ù ;sfí' is;=jï wõjg fuka u jeia‌ig yiqùu jeks fya;= mokï lrf.k fufia ÿ¾j¾K jQ nj is;sh yelsh' mS' B' mS' oerKsh., uy;d ola‌jk wdldrhg is;=jï j¾. ;=kla‌ jk w;r" ta fufiahá

01' tal j¾K w÷re fiahdjlska ola‌jd we;s Ñ;%'

02' nyqj¾K is;=jï'

03' leghï fkdl< is;=jï'

hkdÈ jYfhka fï wdldrhg m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ñ;%j, ffY,sh iy ;dla‍IKsl l%uh ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla‌ ,o yelsh' m%d.a udkjhd i;=j ÈhqKq Ys,amSh ;dla‍IKsl l%uhla‌ mej;s nj hg ola‌jk ,o úia‌;r ;=<ska meyeÈ,sh'. m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha .=yd Ñ;% m%Odk jYfhka fldgia‌ follg fnod wOHhkh l< yelsh' tkï" udkj rEm iy i;aj rEm hkd§ jYfhka jk w;r" f;dard.ekSug wmyiq ixfla; rEm ola‌kg ,efí' fï hq.fha ks¾udKh lrk ,o udkj rEm jeo.;a jk w;r" mqoa., rEm b;d isyskaj ola‌jd ;sfí' fofofkl= ne.ska isák rEm úr, jk w;r oaú;aj rEm yuqjk ia‌:dkhla‌ f,iska ñ,a,Ej iy ;ka;sßuf,a .=yd oela‌ùug mq¿jks' fuu .=ydj, ola‌jd we;s rEm f,dalfha fjk;a ia‌:dkhl ola‌kg fkdue;'

tla‌ rduqjl fldgqjla‌ ;=< we| ;sfnk udkj rEm fol f,dalfha fjk;a .=yd Ñ;%hl ola‌kg fkdue;s w;r" th ksjila‌ ixfla;j;a lrkakla‌ úh yelsh'

udkj rEm w;r lKa‌vdhï jYfhka ola‌jd ;sfnk is;=jï o yuqfõ' fuu is;=jï ;=<ska tl, iudcfhys mej;s ksjil ia‌jNdjh fukau iduqysl;ajh úoyd ola‌jkq we;' fujeks Ñ;% Wudf.a lkao" fldaudßld f,k iy ;ka;sßuf,a hk ia‌:dkj,g iSudù ;sfí' udkj rEm w;r ia‌;%S iy mqreI rEm fjkaj y÷kd.; yels ,la‍IK ola‌kg fkdue;' tfiau ia‌;%S rEmj, wkkH;djh yeÛjk wxf.damdx. u;=lr fkdoela‌ùu fuu .egÆj we;sùug fya;=jhs' we;eï Ñ;%j, ysi u; ;sfnk ;rula‌ úYd, f.da,dldr ,la‍IKh ia‌;%S rEm f,i y÷kd .ekSug isÿfõ' tfy;a th wkqudk lsÍug ndOdjla‌ jkqfha tl, ia‌;%S iy mqreI hk fomsßi u fldKa‌vh n¢kakg we;s bvlv mej;s fyysks' kuq;a iuyr rEmj, muKla‌ ysfia isg my<g ola‌jd meñfKk iDcq f¾Ldj mqreI ksñ;a;la‌ fia i,ld fhdokakg we;' flfia jqjo fuu udkj rEmhkaj, ia‌;%S ) mqreI fNaoh fjkaj y÷kd .ekSug fi,sla‌udka fidfydhqrka W;aidy .kakd ,oafoa msys,af,af.dv .,af.a Ñ;% Wmfhda.S lr.ksñks'

f,ka Ñ;%j, ola‌kg ,efnk ;j;a Ñ;% j¾.hla‌ f,i ,i;aj rEm, fmkajdÈh yelsh' fuu i;aj rEm meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.;yels iy tfia y÷kd.; fkdyels rEm jYfhka ola‌kg ,efí' iuyr i;ajhskaf.a msg u; ñksiqka jdäù isák wdldrh;a" i;=ka ovhï lrk wdldrfha is;=jï o ola‌kg ,efí' w,shd jeks i;=ka meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.; yelsh'

m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ñ;% w;r ,ixfla; rEmhka, o y÷kd.; yels iy y÷kd.; fkdyels rEm f,i j¾. l< yelsh' fufia ks¾udKh lrk ,o ixfla; rEm w;r ÿkq" B;, iy fy,a, meyeÈ,sj u y÷kd.; yelsh' thg wu;rj br" y|" u,a" .ia‌" fld< hkdÈh o is;=jug k.d ;sfí' ;udf.a ffoksl Ôú;fha § fk; .egqKq WmlrKhka fukau jia‌;+ka fufia is;=jï lsÍu úfYaI;ajhls'

by; ola‌jk ,o wdldrhg m%d.a ft;sydisl Ñ;% wxY ;=kla‌ hgf;a ks¾udKh lsÍug tl, ck;dj iu;a úh' ;udf.a úfõlfhka m%fhdack .;a Tjqka ;udf.a is;g msúfik is;sú,s l=regq.Efuys m%;sM,hla‌ f,iska fuu Ñ;% ks¾udKh jQ nj is;sh yelsh'

m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ñ;% úisÍ ;sfnk m%foaYhka ms<sn|j hï wjfndaOhla‌ ,nd.ekSu o WÑ;h' ta wkqj W;=reueo m<df;a wdçhd., ia‌:dkfhka ,enqKq Ñ;% jeo.;a jk w;r" fuu Ñ;% fidhd.ekSfï f.!rjh fcdaka ia‌à,ag ysñfõ' Tyq ola‌jk wdldrhg w;S; ñksiqka leghï we£fï iy lemSfï ld¾hkays ksr;j isg we;' fuys is;=jï j¾K .ekaùfï § w÷re w¿ mdg" l¿ iy w÷re r;= fhdodf.k ;sfí' fuu ia‌:dkfhka fidhd.kakd ,o is;=jï w;r my; tajd myiqfjka y÷kd.; yelsj ;sfí'

01' ÿKq B;, w;e;sj isák ñksfila‌'

02' iQ¾hhd

03' ;,f.dhd

tfiau W;=re ueo m<df;a wkqrdOmqr Èia‌;%sla‌lfhys msysá ì,a,Ej" ;ka;sßuf,a" ÈUq,d.," fldaudßld .=ydj hk ia‌:dkj,ska yuqjQ ks¾udKhka jeo.;a h'

W!j m<df;a fudKrd., Èia‌;%sla‌lfha wÆ.,af.a iy kj., hk ia‌:dkhka o" nÿ,a, Èia‌;%sla‌lfha mqxÑ lsß wïud .,af.a hk ia‌:dkfhka o m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.hg wod< is;=jï yuqj ;sfí' tmuKla‌ o fkdj wrxf.dv.," nUr.ia‌;,dj" .fka.u" l÷re fmdl=K" lsß fmdl=K" f,aku" uyf,a.u t<sh hk ia‌:dkj,ska o m%d.a ft;sydisl Ñ;% fidhd.ekSug yelshdj ,eìKs' tfiakï fuu hq.fha Ñ;% ,xldfõ iEu ia‌:dkhl u úisÍ meje;s nj fuu ia‌:dk ;=<ska meyeÈ<sh'

tfia kï m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ñ;%j, ia‌jrEmh fln÷ jQjla‌ o hk j. by; úia‌;rfhka meyeÈ<sh' w;S; ck;dj ;udf.a úfõlh b;du;a wysxilj f.ùu Wfoid fufia is;=jï lrkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh' flfia jqj o ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ñ;% b;d jeo.;a jk nj wújdofhka mejish yelsh'